How should we understand references to "antifa" in ACLED's dataset?

References to antifa or anti-fascists are included only where they are explicitly cited in coverage of events or when anti-fascist symbology is clearly present at a demonstration. These references may therefore reflect the interpretation of a particular source or set of sources. 

Antifa does not constitute a formal organization with leadership or membership, but an ideological designation. For this reason, references to antifa should not be treated as representing a distinct organized group within the dataset. Rather, references to antifa should be understood as source-derived labels and not as evidence of a single-coherent organizational entity. 

Organized groups that espouse anti-fascist ideology are coded individually according to their specific group names or identities.